The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Rwanda have long been embroiled in a complex and volatile conflict, primarily centered around the activities of the M23 rebel group in eastern DRC. In recent years, Angola has played a pivotal role as a mediator in this conflict, leveraging its position within the African Union (AU) to facilitate dialogue and promote peace. However, as of March 2025, Angola has officially stepped down from its mediation role, citing challenges in the negotiation process and a shift in focus towards broader continental responsibilities as the AU Chair. This development marks a significant turning point in African diplomacy and raises critical questions about the efficacy of regional conflict resolution mechanisms.
Angola’s Mediation Efforts: A Historical Overview
Angola’s involvement in mediating the DRC-Rwanda conflict began in earnest in May 2022, when President João Lourenço was appointed by the AU to lead efforts aimed at de-escalating tensions and fostering dialogue between the conflicting parties. Under the auspices of the Luanda Process, Angola facilitated several rounds of talks and was instrumental in brokering a ceasefire agreement in August 2024. These efforts were lauded by the AU Commission Chairperson, H.E. Mahamoud Ali Youssouf, who acknowledged Angola’s significant contribution to regional peace initiatives.
Challenges and the Decision to Withdraw
Despite initial successes, Angola’s mediation faced mounting challenges. The resurgence of M23 rebel activities, including the capture of strategic towns such as Goma and Walikale, exacerbated the humanitarian crisis in eastern DRC, displacing thousands and straining the region’s stability. Efforts to convene direct talks between the DRC government and M23 rebels were thwarted by last-minute cancellations, often attributed to external interferences and the imposition of international sanctions on rebel leaders. These setbacks, coupled with Angola’s new responsibilities as the AU Chair, prompted President Lourenço to announce the country’s withdrawal from its mediation role on March 24, 2025.
Transition of Mediation Role to Togo
In the wake of Angola’s withdrawal, the AU appointed Togolese President Faure Gnassingbé as the new mediator for the DRC-Rwanda conflict. This decision, endorsed by President Lourenço, aims to ensure continuity in the peace process and reflects a strategic shift in African diplomacy. President Gnassingbé’s appointment comes at a critical juncture, as the AU seeks to reaffirm its commitment to “African solutions to African problems” amidst growing external involvement in regional conflicts.
Implications for African Diplomacy and Leadership
Angola’s decision to step down from its mediation role underscores the complexities inherent in regional conflict resolution. It highlights the challenges faced by African nations in balancing national responsibilities with continental obligations, particularly within the framework of the AU’s rotating chairmanship. Moreover, the transition of mediation responsibilities to Togo signifies a broader trend of collaborative leadership in African diplomacy, emphasizing the need for shared commitment and collective action in addressing the continent’s security challenges.
Angola’s tenure as a mediator in the DRC-Rwanda conflict reflects both the potential and limitations of regional diplomacy in Africa. While significant strides were made in facilitating dialogue and promoting peace, persistent challenges and shifting priorities necessitated a strategic realignment. As Togo assumes the mediation role, the AU and its member states must continue to support and strengthen mechanisms for conflict resolution, ensuring that African-led initiatives remain at the forefront of efforts to achieve lasting peace and stability in the region.
